PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’

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1. Introduction

C IS A GENERAL-PURPOSE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CREATED BY DENNIS RITCHIE AT THE BELL LABORATORIES IN 1972.

2. Structure of a ‘C’ Program

WITHOUT A PROPER STRUCTURE, IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTION.

3. Development life cycle

PROBLEM DEFINITION, PROBLEM ANALYSIS, ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT, CODING, TESTING & DEBUGGING, MAINTENANCE.

4. Keywords and Identifiers

C IDENTIFIERS REPRESENT THE NAME IN THE C PROGRAM, FOR EXAMPLE, VARIABLES, FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS, STRUCTURES, LABELS.

5. Operators

AN OPERATOR IS SIMPLY A SYMBOL THAT IS USED TO PERFORM OPERATIONS LIKE ARITHMETIC, LOGICAL, BITWISE, ETC.

6. Constants

A CONSTANT IS A VALUE OR VARIABLE THAT CAN’T BE CHANGED IN THE PROGRAM, FOR EXAMPLE: 10, 20, ‘A’, 3.4, “C PROGRAMMING”.

7. Variables

A VARIABLE IS A NAME OF THE MEMORY LOCATION. IT IS USED TO STORE DATA. ITS VALUE CAN BE REUSED MANY TIMES.

8. Data Types

A DATA TYPE SPECIFIES THE TYPE OF DATA THAT A VARIABLE CAN STORE SUCH AS INTEGER, FLOATING, CHARACTER, ETC.

9. Control Statement

CONTROL STATEMENTS IS USED TO DIRECT THE EXECUTION OF STATEMENTS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.

10. Expressions

IT IS A FORMULA IN WHICH OPERANDS ARE LINKED TO EACH OTHER BY THE USE OF OPERATORS TO COMPUTE A VALUE.

11. GOTO Statement

THE GOTO STATEMENT CAN BE USED TO REPEAT SOME PART OF THE CODE FOR A PARTICULAR CONDITION.

12. Looping

THE LOOPING CAN BE DEFINED AS REPEATING THE SAME PROCESS MULTIPLE TIMES UNTIL A SPECIFIC CONDITION IS SATISFIED.

13. Arrays

AN ARRAY IS DEFINED AS THE COLLECTION OF SIMILAR TYPE OF DATA ITEMS STORED AT CONTIGUOUS MEMORY LOCATIONS.

14. String

THE STRING CAN BE DEFINED AS A ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY OF CHARACTERS TERMINATED BY A NULL (‘\0’).

15. Functions

IN C, WE CAN DIVIDE A LARGE PROGRAM INTO THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS KNOWN AS FUNCTIONS.

16. Pointers

THE POINTER IN C LANGUAGE IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES THE ADDRESS OF ANOTHER VARIABLE.

17. Structure

IT IS A USER-DEFINED DATA TYPE THAT CAN BE USED TO GROUP ITEMS OF POSSIBLY DIFFERENT TYPES INTO A SINGLE TYPE.

18. Unions

UNIONS PROVIDE AN EFFICIENT WAY OF USING THE SAME MEMORY LOCATION FOR MULTIPLE-PURPOSE.

19. File Handling using 'C'

WE MAY REQUIRE SOME SPECIFIC INPUT DATA TO BE GENERATED SEVERAL NUMBERS OF TIMES.

20. Dyn. Memory Allocation

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION IN C LANGUAGE IS POSSIBLE BY 4 FUNCTIONS OF STDLIB.H HEADER FILE.

21. Storage Classes

STORAGE CLASSES IN C ARE USED TO DETERMINE THE LIFETIME, VISIBILITY, MEMORY LOCATION, AND INITIAL VALUE OF A VARIABLE.

22. Pre-Processor

THIS IS A MICROPROCESSOR THAT IS USED BY A COMPILER TO TRANSFORM YOUR CODE BEFORE COMPILATION.

23. File Inclusion

IN ANGLE BRACKETS CAUSES THE COMPILER TO SEARCH FOR THE FILE IN A SERIES OF STANDARD LOCATIONS.

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