PROGRAMMING IN ‘C++’

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1. Introduction

C++ IS A GENERAL PURPOSE, CASE-SENSITIVE, FREE-FORM PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
THAT SUPPORTS OBJECT-ORIENTED, PROCEDURAL AND GENERIC PROGRAMMING.

2. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

C++ SUPPORTS THE OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, THE FOUR MAJOR PILLAR OF
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOPS) – INHERITANCE, POLYMORPHISM, ENCAPSULATION, ABSTRACTION

3. ‘C++’ Tokens

A C++ PROGRAM IS COMPOSED OF TOKENS WHICH ARE THE SMALLEST INDIVIDUAL
UNIT. TOKENS CAN BE ONE OF SEVERAL THINGS, INCLUDING KEYWORDS, IDENTIFIERS,
CONSTANTS, OPERATORS, OR PUNCTUATION MARKS.

4. Keywords and Identifiers

KEYWORDS ARE PREDEFINED WORDS THAT HAVE SPECIAL MEANINGS TO THE COMPILER.
IDENTIFIERS ARE THE UNIQUE NAMES GIVEN TO VARIABLES, CLASSES, FUNCTIONS, OR
OTHER ENTITIES BY THE PROGRAMMER.

5. Operators

AN OPERATOR IS SIMPLY A SYMBOL THAT IS USED TO PERFORM OPERATIONS. THERE CAN
BE MANY TYPES OF OPERATIONS LIKE ARITHMETIC, LOGICAL, BITWISE ETC

6. Constants

A CONSTANT IS A VALUE OR VARIABLE THAT CAN’T BE CHANGED IN THE PROGRAM, FOR
EXAMPLE: 10, 20, ‘A’, 3.4, “C PROGRAMMING” ETC.

7. Variables

A VARIABLE IS A NAME OF THE MEMORY LOCATION. IT IS USED TO STORE DATA. ITS VALUECAN BE CHANGED, AND IT CAN BE REUSED MANY TIMES.

8. Data Types

A DATA TYPE SPECIFIES THE TYPE OF DATA THAT A VARIABLE CAN STORE SUCH AS INTEGER, FLOATING, CHARACTER, ETC.

9. Classes & Objects

In simple terms, an object is an entity with state (data) and behavior (functionality). In C++, a class is a blueprint for creating similar objects. It can contain fields, methods, constructors, and more.

10. ‘C++’ stream classes

IN C++ THERE ARE NUMBER OF STREAM CLASSES FOR DEFINING VARIOUS STREAMS
RELATED WITH FILES AND FOR DOING INPUT-OUTPUT OPERATIONS. ALL THESE CLASSES
ARE DEFINED IN THE FILE IOSTREAM.H. FIGURE GIVEN BELOW SHOWS THE HIERARCHY OF
THESE CLASSES.

11. Function in ‘C++’

FUNCTIONS ARE USED TO PERFORM CERTAIN ACTIONS, AND THEY ARE IMPORTANT FOR
REUSING CODE: DEFINE THE CODE ONCE, AND USE IT MANY TIMES.

12. Friend functions

IF A FUNCTION IS DEFINED AS A FRIEND FUNCTION IN C++, THEN THE PROTECTED AND
PRIVATE DATA OF A CLASS CAN BE ACCESSED USING THE FUNCTION.

13. Virtual Functions

A C++ VIRTUAL FUNCTION IS A MEMBER FUNCTION IN THE BASE CLASS THAT YOU REDEFINE IN A DERIVED CLASS. IT IS DECLARED USING THE VIRTUAL KEYWORD

14. Constructors

IN C++, CONSTRUCTOR IS A SPECIAL METHOD WHICH IS INVOKED AUTOMATICALLY AT THE
TIME OF OBJECT CREATION. IT IS USED TO INITIALIZE THE DATA MEMBERS OF NEW OBJECT GENERALLY. THE CONSTRUCTOR IN C++ HAS THE SAME NAME AS CLASS OR STRUCTURE.

15. Destructor

A DESTRUCTOR WORKS OPPOSITE TO CONSTRUCTOR; IT DESTRUCTS THE OBJECTS OF CLASSES. IT CAN BE DEFINED ONLY ONCE IN A CLASS. LIKE CONSTRUCTORS, IT IS INVOKED AUTOMATICALLY

16. Memory allocation

C++ ALLOWS US TO ALLOCATE THE MEMORY OF A VARIABLE OR AN ARRAY IN RUN TIME.
THIS IS KNOWN AS DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION.

17. Operator Overloading

IF WE CREATE TWO OR MORE MEMBERS HAVING THE SAME NAME BUT DIFFERENT IN
NUMBER OR TYPE OF PARAMETER, IT IS KNOWN AS C++ OVERLOADING.

18. Inheritance

IN C++, INHERITANCE IS A PROCESS IN WHICH ONE OBJECT ACQUIRES ALL THE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOURS OF ITS PARENT OBJECT AUTOMATICALLY. IN SUCH WAY, YOU CAN REUSE, EXTEND OR MODIFY THE ATTRIBUTES AND BEHAVIOURS WHICH ARE DEFINED IN OTHER CLASS.

19. File operations

FILE HANDLING IS USED TO STORE DATA PERMANENTLY IN A COMPUTER. USING FILE
HANDLING WE CAN STORE OUR DATA IN SECONDARY MEMORY.

20. Exception Handling

ONE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF C++ OVER C IS EXCEPTION HANDLING. EXCEPTIONS ARE
RUNTIME ANOMALIES OR ABNORMAL CONDITIONS THAT A PROGRAM ENCOUNTERS
DURING ITS EXECUTION.

21. Throw keyword

THE THROW KEYWORD THROWS AN EXCEPTION WHEN A PROBLEM IS DETECTED, WHICH LETS US CREATE A CUSTOM ERROR. THE CATCH STATEMENT ALLOWS YOU TO DEFINE A BLOCK OF CODE TO BE EXECUTED, IF AN ERROR OCCURS IN THE TRY BLOCK.

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